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Contents Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 386 Solutions to Problems 388 Chapter 21 Amines and Their Derivatives: Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen 402 Solutions to Problems 403 Chapter 22 Chemistry of Benzene Substituents: Alkylbenzenes, Phenols, and Benzenamines 418 Solutions to Problems 420 Chapter 23 Ester Enolates and the Claisen Condensation: Synthesis of Compounds; Acyl Anion Equivalents 439 Solutions to Problems 441 Chapter 24 Carbohydrates: Polyfunctional Compounds in Nature 454 Solutions to Problems 457 Chapter 25 Heterocycles: Heteroatoms in Cyclic Organic Compounds 471 Solutions to Problems 472 Chapter 26 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids: Nitrogen-Containing Polymers in Nature 487 Solutions to Problems 489 Glossary 503