2017 - CH 01 - Introductory Chapter LCA biofuels

Prévia do material em texto

Frontiers in Bioenergy 
and Biofuels 
Edited by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes 
and Leila Queiroz Zepka 
FRONTIERS IN 
BIOENERGY AND 
BIOFUELS 
Edited by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes 
and Leila Queiroz Zepka 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels 
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63185 
Edited by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka 
Contributors 
Ewa Pecka-Kiełb, Andrzej Zachwieja, Dorota Miśta, Wojciech Zawadzki, Anna Zielak-Steciwko, Patrick Mukumba, 
Masahide Yasuda, A. K. M. Aminul Islam, Md. Moniruzzaman, Muhammad Farooq, Gisela Montero, Conrado García, 
Margarita Stoytcheva, Marcos Coronado, Lydia Toscano-Palomar, Ricardo Torres, Ana MarÃa Vázquez, Daniela 
Montes Nuñez, Vinicyus Rodolfo Wiggers, Laércio Ender, Edésio Simionatto, Henry Meier, Ramon Beims, Venko 
Beschkov, Elina Bastos Caramao, Javed Iqbal Qazi, Fouzia Tabssum, Valentin Antonovič, Jadvyga Kerienė, Rimvydas 
Stonys, Renata Boris, Jacek Szczerba, Eduardo Montero, Fernando Aguilar, Natalia Muñoz-Rujas, Fatima E. M. Alaoui, 
Henry Quesada Pineda, Jeremy Withers, Robert Smith, Valentin Missiakô Kindomihou, Roland Ahouélété Yaovi Holou, 
Claudia Santibanez, Edson Luiz Silva, Paula Rúbia Ferreira Rosa, Romana Krištof, Jose Castanheiro, Salete Alves, Saima 
Mirza, Habib Ur Rehman, João Cajaiba Da Silva, Alex Queiroz, Alline Oliveira, Vinicius Kartnaller, Amornvadee Veawab, 
Hanifa Taher, Sulaiman Al-Zuhair, Elisabeth Jamet, Maria Juliana Calderan-Rodrigues, Juliana Fonseca, Carlos Alberto 
Labate, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes 
© The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2017 
The moral rights of the and the author(s) have been asserted. 
All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECH. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, 
distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECH’s written permission. 
Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECH rights and permissions department 
(permissions@intechopen.com). 
Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law. 
Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 
Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided 
the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. If so indicated, certain images may not 
be included under the Creative Commons license. In such cases users will need to obtain permission from the license 
holder to reproduce the material. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be 
foundat http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html. 
Notice 
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those 
of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published 
chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the 
use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. 
First published in Croatia, 2017 by INTECH d.o.o. 
eBook (PDF) Published by IN TECH d.o.o. 
Place and year of publication of eBook (PDF): Rijeka, 2019. 
IntechOpen is the global imprint of IN TECH d.o.o. 
Printed in Croatia 
Legal deposit, Croatia: National and University Library in Zagreb 
Additional hard and PDF copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com 
Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels 
Edited by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka 
p. cm. 
Print ISBN 978-953-51-2891-5 
Online ISBN 978-953-51-2892-2 
eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-953-51-4121-1 
mailto:orders@intechopen.com
http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html
mailto:permissions@intechopen.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63185
 
 
 
 
We are IntechOpen, 
the frst native scientifc 
publisher of Open Access books 
3,350+ 108,000+ 114M+ 
Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads 
Our authors are among the 
151 Top 1% 12.2% 
Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities 
Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index 
in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) 
Interested in publishing with us? 
Contact book.department@intechopen.com 
Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. 
For more information visit www.intechopen.com 
www.intechopen.com
mailto:book.department@intechopen.com
Meet the editor 
Prof. Eduardo Jacob-Lopes is currently an associate 
professor at the Department of Food Technology and 
Science, Federal University of Santa Maria. He graduat-
ed with a master’s degree in Food Engineering in Fed-
eral University of Rio Grande do Sul, doctorate degree 
in Chemical Engineering from the State University of 
Campinas, and postdoctoral at the State University of 
Campinas. He has more than 15 years of teaching and research experience. 
He is a technical and scientific consultant of several companies, agencies, 
and scientific journals. He has 360 publications/communications which 
include 3 books, 17 book chapters, 60 original research papers, and 280 re-
search communications in international and national conferences and has 
registered 7 patents. His research interest includes environmental biotech-
nology with emphasis on microalgal biotechnology. 
Prof. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate pro-
fessor at the Department of Food Technology and Sci-
ence, Federal University of Santa Maria. She graduated 
with a master’s degree in Food Engineering in Federal 
University of Rio Grande do Sul and a doctorate degree 
in Food Science from the State University of Campinas. 
She has more than 15 years of teaching and research ex-
perience. She is a technical and scientific consultant of several companies, 
agencies, and scientific journals. She has 360 publications/communications 
which include 3 books, 14 book chapters, 50 original research papers, and 
200 research communications in international and national conferences, 
and has registered 4 patents. Her research interest includes microalgal 
biotechnology with emphasis on biomolecules. 
Contents 
Preface XIII 
Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Life Cycle Assessment as a Fundamental 
Tool to Define the Biofuel Performance 1 
Mariany Costa Deprá, Leila Queiroz Zepka and Eduardo Jacob-
Lopes 
Chapter 2 Cell Wall Proteomics as a Means to Identify Target Genes to 
Improve Second‐Generation Biofuel Production 5 
Maria J. Calderan‐Rodrigues, Juliana G. Fonseca, Carlos A. Labate 
and Elisabeth Jamet 
Chapter 3 Advances in the Application of Spectroscopic Techniques in the 
Biofuel Area over the Last Few Decades 25 
João Cajaiba Da Silva, Alex Queiroz, Alline Oliveira and Vinícius 
Kartnaller 
Chapter 4 Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry as a Tool of Biofuel 
Quantification 59 
Romana Krištof and Jasmina Kožar Logar 
Chapter 5 Chromatographic Methods Applied to the Characterization of 
Bio-Oil from the Pyrolysis of Agro-Industrial Biomasses 71 
Maria Silvana A. Moraes, Débora Tomasini, Juliana M. da Silva, 
Maria Elisabete Machado, Laíza C. Krause, Claudia A. Zini, 
Rosângela A. Jacques and Elina B. Caramão 
Chapter 6 Perceptions on Internal and External Factors Impacting the U.S. 
Nonfood Advanced Biofuel Industry 117 
Henry Jose Quesada‐Pineda, Jeremy Withers and Robert Smith 
Contents X 
Chapter 7 The Biofuel Crops in Global Warming Challenge: Carbon 
Capture by Corn, Sweet Sorghum and Switchgrass Biomass 
Grown for Biofuel Production in the USA 139 
Roland Ahouélété Yaovi Holou and Valentin Missiakô Kindomihou 
Chapter 8 Theoretical Considerations for Economics of Second- and Third-
Generation Biofuels 153 
Fouzia Tabssum and Javed Iqbal Qazi 
Chapter 9 Emerging Green Technologies for Biodiesel Production 167 
Hanifa Taher and Sulaiman Al-Zuhair 
Chapter 10 Biogas, Biodiesel and Bioethanol as Multifunctional Renewable 
Fuelsand Raw Materials 185 
Venko Beschkov 
Chapter 11 Potential of Cellulosic Ethanol to Overcome Energy Crisis in 
Pakistan 207 
Saima Mirza, Habib ur Rehman, Waqar Mahmood and Javed Iqbal 
Qazi 
Chapter 12 Jatropha Biofuel Industry: The Challenges 223 
M. Moniruzzaman, Zahira Yaakob, M. Shahinuzzaman, Rahima
Khatun and A.K.M. Aminul Islam
Chapter 13 Review of Continuous Fermentative Hydrogen-Producing 
Bioreactors from Complex Wastewater 257 
Paula Rúbia Ferreira Rosa and Edson Luiz Silva 
Chapter 14 Bifunctional Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production 
using Low Cost Feedstocks: A Future Perspective 285 
Anita Ramli, Muhammad Farooq, Abdul Naeem, Saleem Khan, 
Muhammad Hummayun, Azhar Iqbal, Sohail Ahmed and Liaqat Ali 
Shah 
Chapter 15 Role of Mass-Transfer Interfacial Area in the Biodiesel 
Production Performance of Acid-Catalyzed Esterification 309 
Devjyoti Nath, Adisorn Aroonwilas and Amornvadee Veawab 
Chapter 16 Biodiesel Compatibility with Elastomers and Steel 331 
Salete Martins Alves, Valdicleide Silva e Mello and Franklin Kaic 
Dutra-Pereira 
Contents XI 
Chapter 17 Biofuel Additives: Conversion of Glycerol with Benzyl Alcohol 
over SBA‐15 with Sulfonic Acid Groups 351 
Pedro Canhão and Jose E. Castanheiro 
Chapter 18 Thermodynamic Properties of Propanol and Butanol as 
Oxygenate Additives to Biofuels 363 
Eduardo A. Montero, Fernando Aguilar, Natalia Muñoz-Rujas and 
Fatima E. M. Alaoui 
Chapter 19 Photocatalytic Reforming of Lignocelluloses, Glycerol, and 
Chlorella to Hydrogen 391 
Masahide Yasuda 
Chapter 20 Renewable Hydrocarbons from Triglyceride's Thermal 
Cracking 407 
Vinicyus R. Wiggers, Ramon F. Beims, Laércio Ender, Edésio L. 
Simionatto and Henry F. Meier 
Chapter 21 Biogasification of Horse Dung Using a Cylindrical Surface Batch 
Biodigester 425 
Patrick Mukumba, Golden Makaka and Sampson Mamphweli 
Chapter 22 Refractory Materials for Biofuel Boilers 443 
Valentin Antonovič, Jacek Szczerba, Jadvyga Keriene, Rimvydas 
Stonys and Renata Boris 
Chapter 23 Power Form Agripellets 465 
Claudia Santibáñez Varnero and Marcela Vargas Urrutia 
Chapter 24 SWOT Analysis Applied to Wheat Straw Utilization as a Biofuel 
in Mexico 483 
Gisela Montero, Conrado García, Marcos A. Coronado, Lydia 
Toscano, Margarita Stoytcheva, Ricardo Torres, Ana M. Vázquez 
and Daniela G. Montes 
Chapter 25 Use of Corn Dried Distillers Grains (DDGS) in 
Feeding of Ruminants 495 
Ewa Pecka-Kiełb, Andrzej Zachwieja, Dorota Miśta, Wojciech 
Zawadzki and Anna Zielak-Steciwko 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preface 
Human society will face enormous problems in the near future in order to cover the increas‐
ing demands of energy. The current ways these demands are covered by society are not sus‐
tainable and result in unacceptable changes in our environment. 
To this end, this book aims to make a contribution to further exploring this area of bioener‐
gy and biofuel research and development in the form of a compilation of topics covering the 
characterization, production, and uses of bioenergy, biofuels, and coproducts, summarizing 
a range of useful products and technologies applied to energy production. 
We are convinced that this book will be an important resource for anyone who is interested in 
bioenergy and biofuels, and we express the hope that this book will stimulate and help re‐
searchers and industry professionals to move this field into new and improved applications. 
Eduardo Jacob-Lopes 
Federal University of Santa Maria, 
Brasil 
Leila Queiroz Zepka 
Federal University of Santa Maria, 
Brasil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 1 
Introductory Chapter: Life Cycle Assessment as a 
Fundamental Tool to Define the Biofuel Performance 
Mariany Costa Deprá, Leila Queiroz Zepka and 
Eduardo Jacob-Lopes 
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter 
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64677 
The widespread availability of inexpensive petroleum during the twentieth century, growing
concerns of fossil fuel depletion, as well as stricter emission regulations and the search for
alternative sources and economically viable substrates has been the main focus of researchers
seeking to overcome the economic and environmental barriers to the renewable energy sector.
The ideal source for production of biofuels mainly depends on its availability and cost. Thus, a
need arises to address the current energy and environmental issues to produce biofuels [1, 2].
Biofuels have become an alternative source over the traditional energy sources. Therefore, the
progress of knowledge through the establishment of more robust methods of analysis, such as
the life cycle assessment (LCA), highlights the weaknesses of the systems, pressing the process
engineering to develop sustainable solutions for application in production chains [3].
The life cycle assessment is a methodology to quantify the input and output streams of
materials and energy throughout the production chain. Moreover, it is a useful tool to assess
resource use and environmental burdens related to systems. According to Figure 1, four stages
are used for conducting an LCA: (i) objective and scope definition; (ii) inventory analysis (LCI);
(iii) impact assessment (LCIA); and (iv) interpretation [4].
The goal and scope definition stage includes the intended application, the reasons to carry
out the study, the intended audience, and the use of the results. In addition, the system
boundary and the functional unit should also be clearly defined. This stage is included in all
the papers analyzed, although not always with the same level of detail. The system boundary
defines the processes to be included in the analysis. The life cycle inventory (LCI) stage
involves the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for each process included
within the system boundary. The impact assessment categories are chosen to have an overview
of the inventory data: energy balance, water footprint, global warming potential (GWP),
© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons 
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, 
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64677
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels 
potential of acidification, and eutrophication. The interpretation evaluates the inventory
analysis results and impact analysis to select the favorite product or process, with a clear
understanding of the uncertainties and assumptions used to generate results.
Figure 1. Stages for conducting an LCA.
The energy ratio (NER) is defined as the ratio of total energy produced (feedstock energy
potential) over the energy content of construction and material, plus energy required for all
plant operations. In case of the energy balance, the starting point for the economic and envi‐
ronmental viability of processes is the consolidation of a favorable energy balance (NER > 1) [5].
Moreover, water footprint (WF) of an enclosed area or process is determined by the sum of the
water footprints of all processes. The blue WF refers to the amount of water incorporated in
the product, which is determined by the evaporation rate plus incorporation and return flow.
The green WF refers to the volume of water consumed in a production process, plus the water
incorporated into the finish. The sum of all processes is determined per a volume of water per
unit time [6].
Across the globe, there are two main public policyobjectives driving the development of
biofuel industries improving energy security and reducing global warming. Absorption
capacity, concentration, and residence time of gases are used to evaluate the so‐called global
warming potential (GWP). The environmental impact generated by greenhouse gases, as well
as the potential for acidification and eutrophication, in general can be quantified by the sum
of the masses of the substances of gases (CO2, CH4, NOx), multiplied by the characterization
factors of these same substances. Once each of the factors will be different when related to the
impactful gas to be measured [7].
 
 
 
 
 
3 Introductory Chapter: Life Cycle Assessment as a Fundamental Tool to Define the Biofuel Performance 
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64677 
Finally, including the life cycle assessment as a fundamental tool to define biofuel performance
is a decision making that provides an understanding of the environmental impacts, and
impacts on human health have traditionally not considered when selecting a product. This
valuable tool should be used to expand the knowledge base of productive systems and their
relationship with the environment, once can increase the efficiency of its processes, reduce the
costs, and further promote marketing their products in such a sustainable way.
Author details
Mariany Costa Deprá, Leila Queiroz Zepka and Eduardo Jacob‐Lopes*
*Address all correspondence to: jacoblopes@pq.cnpq.br
Food Science Technology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria,
RS, Brazil
References
[1] Pragya, N. & Panved, K. Life cycle assessment of green diesel production from
microalgae. Renewable Energy, v. 86, p. 623–632, 2016.
[2] Abu‐Ghosh, S.; Fixler, D.; Dubinsky, N., Lluz, D.; Energy‐input analysis of the life‐cycle
of microalgal cultivation systems and best scenario for oil‐rich biomass production.
Applied Energy, v. 154, p. 1082–1088, 2015.
[3] ISO 14040. Environmental management – life cycle assessment – principles and
framework. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2006.
[4] Corominas, L. I.; Foley, J.; Guest, J.S., Hospido, A.; Larsen, H.F.; Morera, S.; Shaw, A.
Life cycle assessment applied to wastewater treatment: State of the art. Water research,
v. 47, p. 5480–5492, 2013.
[5] Jorquera, O.; Kiperstok A.; Sales E. A.; Embiruçu, M.; Ghirardi, M. L. Comparative
energy life‐cycle analyses of microalgal biomass production in open ponds and
photobioreactors. Bioresource Technology, v. 101, p. 1406–1413, 2010.
[6] Hoekstra, A.Y. A critique on the water‐scarcity weighted water footprint in LCA.
Ecological Indicators, v. 66, p. 564–573, 2016.
[7] Laratte B.; Guillaume B.; Kim, J.; Birregah, B. Modeling cumulative effects in life cycle
assessment: The case of fertilizer in wheat production contributing to the global
warming potential. Science of the Total Environment, v. 481, p. 588–595, 2014.
mailto:jacoblopes@pq.cnpq.br
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64677
 Edited by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes 
and Leila Queiroz Zepka 
Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels presents an authoritative and comprehensive 
overview of the possibilities for production and use of bioenergy, biofuels, and 
coproducts. 
Issues related to environment, food, and energy present serious challenges to the 
success and stability of nations. Te challenge to provide energy to a rapidly increasing 
global population has made it imperative to fnd new technological routes to increase 
production of energy while also considering the biosphere’s ability to regenerate 
resources. Te bioenergy and biofuels are resources that may provide solutions to 
these critical challenges. 
Divided into 25 discreet parts, the book covers topics on characterization, production, 
and uses of bioenergy, biofuels, and coproducts. 
Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels provides an insight into future developments in 
each feld and extensive bibliography. It will be an essential resource for researchers 
and academic and industry professionals in the energy feld. 
Photo by wasja / iStock 
ISBN 978-953-51-2891-5ISBN 978-953-51-4121-1 
	Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels
	Contents
	Preface
	Chapter 1
Introductory Chapter: Life Cycle Assessment as a Fundamental Tool to Define the Biofuel Performance