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1.13 a) tetrahedral at C, bent at O (tetrahedral) b) trigonal planar at C, bent at N (trigonal planar) c) trigonal planar at C, bent at O (trigonal planar) 1.14 First determine the geometry of the molecule by VSEPR theory. Then find the individual bond dipoles of the molecule. The overall dipole moment is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles. All of the examples in this problem have only one polar bond, so the dipole moment lies along the direction of that bond. O: H H a) C b) c) H-C-C=N H H H H 1.15 Ionic bonds are formed when metals combine with non-metals. Covalent bonds are formed between two non-metals. a) K + : Cl: b) .. c) Na + :C:::N: d) K + (ionic) (covalent) (both) (both) 1.16 Like N, phosphorus has 5 electrons in its -- and valence shell and prefers to form three H:P:H bonds. PH₃ is pyramidal. H 1.17 H HH a) H:C:N:H b) c) N: -- HH HH H HH H : : d) e) H:C::C:F: f) H:C:S:H H 5