Prova de Inglês 2024-2

Prévia do material em texto

UERJ DE DO ESTADO DO UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE QUÍMICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA QUÍMICA PROCESSO SELETIVO: 2024/2 AVALIAÇÃO DA CAPACIDADE DE LEITURA E COMPREENSÃO DA LÍNGUA INGLESA INSTRUÇÕES: 1) Escolha dois textos para fazer uma tradução livre para a língua portuguesa. 2) Será permitida a consulta a dicionário. 3) Tempo máximo de realização da prova: 3 horas.TEXTO 1: Sorption and desorption of Pb2+ ions by dead Sargassum sp. biomass Bruno L. Martins, Claudio C.V. Cruz, Aderval S. Luna, Cristiane A. Henriques Biochemical Engineering Journal 27 (2006) 310-314 Heavy metals released by a number of industrial processes are some of the major pollutants in marine, ground, industrial, and even treated wastewaters. Lead is widely used in many important industrial applications, such as storage battery manufacturing, printing, pigments, fuels, photographic materials, and explosive manufacturing, but it is also one of the three most toxic heavy metals. Its presence in drinking water above the permissible limit (5 ng ml-1) may cause adverse health effects such as anemia, encephalopathy, hepatitis, and nephritic syndrome. Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution can be considered as an alternative technology in industrial wastewaters treatment. It is based on the ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals from wastewater by either metabolically mediated or physico-chemical pathways of uptake. This innovative depurative process uses biomaterials, such as marine algae or wastes coming from industrial and biological processes, which are either low-cost or abundant in nature. In this work, the use of Sargassum sp. as a biosorbent for Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions was studied. The influence of different parameters on lead uptake, such as contact time, shaking rate, initial pH and temperature, was investigated in batch conditions. The kinetics and equilibrium of bioprocess were evaluated, and the maximum capacity of biosorption of the biomass was determined from the equilibrium data measured under optimized conditions. The effectiveness of different desorbents (HCI, HNO3 on Na2EDTA solutions) to remove the sorbed metal from the biomass was also investigated. 2Texto 2: Investigation of an alternative operating procedure for fouling management in refinery crude preheat trains Luiz O. de Oliveira Filho, Fábio S. Liporace, Eduardo M. Queiroz, André L.H. Costa Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 3073-3080 Petroleum refining usually begins with a first fractionation that takes place in an atmospheric distillation column. Since, the temperature of the column feed must be around 380 °C, hot side streams are employed to heat the crude oil in order to reduce energy consumption. This heating process is accomplished by a heat exchanger network called crude preheat train. However, the target temperature cannot be reached at the network exit, and additional heating must be supplied by a furnace. During the refinery operation, the thermal surface of preheat exchangers are subjected to fouling. This phenomenon implies a reduction of the energy recovery in the heat exchanger network, which decreases the furnace inlet temperature and forces an increase in fuel consumption, thus diminishing the refinery profitability. In more severe fouling cases, the furnace heating capacity may be reached and the crude throughput must be reduced. Considering also environmental aspects, fouling brings an increase in CO2 emissions, because of the higher furnace load. Due to the importance of this heating process, several papers have been published investigating different aspects of the problem, such as: monitoring of the heat exchanger network for fouling status diagnosis, prediction of fouling rates, analysis of the fouling impact on the design/retrofit problems and cleaning schedule optimization. 3Texto 3: Influence of cathodic current density and mechanical stirring on the electrodeposition of Cu-Co alloys in citrate bath Leandro Trinta de Farias; Aderval Severino Luna; Dalva Cristina Baptista do Lago; Lilian Ferreira de Senna Mat. Res. vol.11 no. 1 São Carlos Jan./Mar. 2008 Metallic coatings are generally applied to a substrate surface in order to produce a coating/substrate system with enhanced mechanical, magnetic, optical or anticorrosive properties. Cu-Co alloys, deposited on copper, platinum or silicon substrates, have been presenting great interest due to their possible use in data store systems and sensor technology. The above mentioned applications are based on the giant magneto resistance properties presented by these alloys, which promotes a great variation of electrical resistance in an external magnetic field. However, these properties can only be observed in a metastable solid solution containing few amounts of cobalt in a copper matrix, enhancing the segregation of small Co precipitates, forming a granular alloy. These alloys can also find a suitable application for catalytic purposes and anticorrosive coatings. Several deposition processes have been studied to produce Cu-Co alloys. The physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods are the most used among all of them. A simpler and less expensive alternative to obtain Cu-Co alloy coatings uses electrodeposition. However, the alloy electrodeposition process is more complex than the single metal deposition and involves the control of a greater number of chemical and operational parameters. Industrially, these parameters are generally chosen empirically. Therefore, it is important to develop a more scientific approach leading to a better fundamental understanding of the alloy deposition phenomenon. 4Texto 4: New aspects of syngas production and use Jens R. Rostrup-Nielsen Catalysis Today 63 (2000) 159-164 The conversion of hydrocarbons to hydrogen and synthesis gas (syngas) will play an important role in the 21st century ranging from large gas to liquid plants and hydrogen plants for refineries to small units providing hydrogen for fuel cells. The conversion of fossil fuels to transportation fuels aims at hydrocarbon mixtures with an overall H/C close to two. This requires the addition of hydrogen to heavy crude by hydrotreating and hydrocracking with the additional scope also to remove sulphur, nitrogen, and metals. A big fraction of the hydrogen need has been supplied from catalytic reforming units, but it may be available to a smaller extent because of the constraints on the content of aromatics in diesel and gasoline. As a result, there is an increasing need for hydrogen plants capable of operating on a variety of hydrocarbon streams such as off gases, naphtha and natural gas. The use of a prereformer ensures maximum flexibility. Another trend is the conversion of natural gas into transportation fuels such as methanol, DME, synthetic gasoline, and diesel. The direct conversion routes can hardly compete because of the high selectivity of syngas based routes. The syngas routes are highly efficient, but capital intensive because they involve a big exchange of energy through the steam reformer and heat recovery units. 5